A History of Black North American Music

Text completion exercise

Read the text carefully paying attention to the context. Then choose which sentence fits into each gap.

The birth of Soul Music is the result of a diversity of musical influences. The first group of slaves landed in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619. At first they were few in number but with the development of the plantation system the number of slaves increased.
When slaves were working in the fields they tried to alleviate their misery by singing their traditional African folk songs. The first references to these African Spirituals are from about 1825-1850. These first songs had very strong relationships with West African songs and people sang them without harmony (examples: "Deep River" and "Roll Jordan Roll").
By the late 1800's Black Gospel songs displaced these Spirituals. The songs are often merged into ecstatic dance and are usually accompanied by a piano or an organ, tambourines and electric guitars.
Just before, and during World War Two many Blacks migrated from the agricultural south to the industrial Mid-Western, North-Eastern and West-Coast Cities. This group of black people developed a new style of music known as R&B (rythm and blues).
Two technological developments inspired this style: the invention of the electric guitar during the 1930's and the discovery of the German Tape Recorder. Blacks started to have their own independent record companies for the first time. Companies as Atlantic or Chess were crucial in the production and distribution of R&B.
During the late 1940's many radio station owners sold them at knockdown prices. They thought that the invention of television would make their radio stations obsolete.
While the urbanised Blacks of the North were developing R&B, their Southern counterparts were developing Jazz, their own music. Most early Jazz was played by small marching bands or by solo pianists. Blues and Ragtime, two other musical styles, rose independently of Jazz, but these genres influenced the style and forms of Jazz.
Soul did not developed until the early sixties when artists like Sam Cooke, Bobby Bland and Ray Charles merged traditional Gospel and R&B styles. Ray Charles went even further. He took religious songs such as “I Got Religion” and secularized them to become songs like “I Got a Woman”.
In the early sixties the most important centres for Soul were Chicago, Memphis and Detroit. Each of them developed their own distinctive styles.
In Memphis the Stax Records relied on Gospel. Chicago soul was between these two other companies. Its main player was Curtis Mayfield with his group “The Impressions”. He often included semi-religious suggestions in his music.
By the 1970's however Funk substituted Soul as the most important form of Black Music. Traditional Soul had its roots in R&B, but the roots of Funk were in Jazz and African Music. Although many Soul fans consider that Funk and Soul are different genres, the term “Soul” is now commonly used to include both styles and this can lead to confusion. Historically funk has been closely associated with Malcolm X and the Black Power movement, whereas Soul has been associated with Martin Luther King and the civil rights movement, the former being violent, the latter being peaceful.